Antiquarian science books
Antiquarian science books are original works (e.g., books or technical papers) that are at least roughly 100 years old, concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. They can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields[1] of scientific inquiry.
A number of advantages arise from using antiquarian science books to understand this historical development, including: avoiding problematic bias that is often introduced for/against recent works whose historical impact has yet to be accurately determined; and understanding the "ebb and flow" of scientific advancement, the evolution of various fields, and the growing diversity of scientific inquiry.
Coverage
Before Johannes Gutenberg invented the mechanical printing press with movable type (c1439), copies of the great ancient[2][3][4] and medieval[5] European scientific works (Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Eudoxus, Euclid, Apollonius, Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Archimedes, Hipparchus, Aristarchus, Galen, Diophantus, Dioscorides, Pliny, Menelaus, Ptolemy, Pappus, Vitruvius, Albertus Magnus, Fibonacci, Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci, ...) were extremely rare, so most of the extant works date from the 16th century or later, which also corresponds to the advent of the Scientific Revolution. Many of the authors are considered to be fathers of scientific fields, geniuses and/or polymaths.
From the Renaissance onward, European scientists dominated[6] nearly all fields of science[7] and mathematics[8][9][10] (although that trend may change in the future), so nearly all of the works shown below are European, most frequently from Britain, Germany and France with minimal contributions from geographically peripheral countries including Spain/Portugal, Finland/Baltic States, and the Balkan States. Similarly, technology and engineering are best documented, and most advanced, in Europe[11][12] during this period.
Works by medieval Islamic[13][14][15][16] scholars (Alhazen, Al-Khawarizmi, Abu Kamil, Al-Sufi, Geber, al-Dinawari, Avicenna, Averroes, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Abu Bakr al-Razi, al-Jazari, Ibn al-Nafis, Ibn Khaldun, al-Khazini, Omar Khayyam, ...) are also extremely rare, similar to works by ancient/medieval Chinese[17][18][19][20] scholars (Chu Shih-chieh, Shen Kuo, Liu Hui, Zhang Heng, ...) and ancient/medieval Indian[21][22] scholars (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara, Madhava, ...). Ancient texts from other regions[23] (notably Egypt[24][25][26][27] and Babylonia[28][29]) are even more rare.
The landmark[30] works included below, most of which are European, are significant first (or early) editions typically worth[31][32][33][34][35] hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.). Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications[36] or Google Books, and general biographies[37][38][39][40] and histories[41][42][43][44] are also widely available.
16th century
- Copernicus, Nicolaus (Poland). De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. Wittenberg, 1542, $110,000. Copernican heliocentrism.
- Fuchs, Leonhard (Germany). De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes. Basel, 1542, $76,000. Botany.
- Vesalius, Andreas (Belgium). De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body). Basel, 1543, $360,000. Anatomy.
- Cardano, Gerolamo (Italy). Artis magnae sive de regulis algebraicis (The Art of Solving Algebraic Equations). Nuremberg, 1545, UNKNOWN. Algebra.
- Brunfels, Otto (Germany). Kreuterbüch. UNKNOWN, 1546, $55,000. Botany.
- Bock, Hieronymus (Germany). Kreutterbuch. Strasbourg, 1552, $17,500. Botany.
- Paracelsus (Switzerland). Theil der grossen Wundartzney. Frankfurt, 1556, $24,000. Medicine.
- Agricola, Georg (Germany). De Re Metallica. Basel, 1561, $16,000. Mineralogy.
- Regiomontanus (Germany). De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque. Basel, 1561, $36,000. Trigonometry.
- Bombelli, Rafael (Italy). Algebra. UNKNOWN, 1569/1572, UNKNOWN. Imaginary numbers.
- Viète, François (France). In artem analyticam isagoge (Introduction to the Analytical Art). Tours, 1591, UNKNOWN. Algebra.
17th century
- Gilbert, William (England). De Magnete. London, 1600, $60,000. Magnetism.
- Galilei, Galileo (Italy). Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger). Frankfurt, 1610, $75,000. Astronomy.
- Napier, John (Scotland). Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio. UNKNOWN, 1614, UNKNOWN. Logarithms.
- Kepler, Johannes (Germany). Harmonices Mundi. Linz, 1619, $8,000. Celestial mechanics.
- Bacon, Francis (England). Novum Organum. London, 1620, $6,300. Experimentation.
- Descartes, René (France). Discours de la Methode / La Geometrie. Leiden, 1637, $150,000. Analytical geometry.
- Fermat, Pierre de (France). Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam. UNKNOWN, 1637, UNKNOWN. Calculus.
- Galilei, Galileo (Italy). Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze. Leiden, 1638, $68,000. Classical dynamics.
- Desargues, Gérard (France). DISPUTED. UNKNOWN, 1639, UNKNOWN. Projective geometry.
- Harvey, William (England). Anatomical Exercises, Concerning the Heart and Blood. London, 1653, $82,000. Circulatory system.
- Wallis, John (England). Arithmetica infinitorum. UNKNOWN, 1655, UNKNOWN. Calculus.
- Boyle, Robert (England). The Sceptical Chymist. London, 1661, $9,000. Chemistry.
- Pascal, Blaise (France). Traitez de l'Equilibre des Liqueurs, et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l'Air. Paris, 1663, $13,000. Fluid statics.
- Gregory, James (Scotland). Optica Promota. UNKNOWN, 1663, UNKNOWN. Optics.
- Hooke, Robert (England). Micrographia. London, 1665, $94,000. Microscopy.
- Steno, Nicolas (Denmark). De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Contento Dissertationis Prodromus. Florence, 1669, $88,000. Stratigraphy.
- Barrow, Isaac (England). Lectiones geometricae. UNKNOWN, 1670, $6,600. Calculus.
- Fermat, Pierre de (France). Ad locus planos et solidos isagoge. UNKNOWN, 1679, UNKNOWN. Analytic geometry.
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Germany). Nova Methodus pro Maxima et Minimus. UNKNOWN, 1684, UNKNOWN. Calculus.
- Newton, Isaac (England). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. London, 3 Vol, 1687, $275,000. Classical mechanics.
- Huygens, Christiaan (Netherlands). Traité de la Lumière. Leiden, 1690, $45,000. Optics.
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Germany). Specimen Dynamicum. Vienna, 1695, UNKNOWN. Classical mechanics.
- van Leeuwenhoek, Antoine (Netherlands). Arcana Naturae, Ope & Beneficio Exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum. Leiden, 1696, $5,600. Microbiology.
- l'Hopital, Guillaume de (France). Analyse des infiniment petits. Paris, 1696, $12,000. Calculus.
18th century
- Newton, Isaac (England). Opticks. London, 1704, $65,000. Optics.
- Taylor, Brook (England). Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa. UNKNOWN, 1715, UNKNOWN. Taylor series.
- Linnaeus, Carl (Sweden). Systema Naturae. Netherlands, 1735, $13,000. Linnaean taxonomy.
- Bernoulli, Daniel (Netherlands). Hydrodynamica. Strasbourg, 1738, $20,000. Fluid dynamics.
- d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (France). Reflexions sur la cause general des vents. UNKNOWN, 1747, UNKNOWN. Complex numbers.
- Euler, Leonhard (Switzerland). Introductio in analysin infinitorum. Lausanne, 1748, $14,000. Mathematical analysis.
- Franklin, Benjamin (America). Experiments and Observations on Electricity. London/Philadelphia, 1769, $22,000. Electricity.
- Smith, Adam (Scotland). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London, 2 Vol, 1776, $128,000. Capitalism.
- Monge, Gaspard (France). Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais. UNKNOWN, 1781, UNKNOWN. Descriptive geometry.
- Lagrange, Joseph (Italy). Analytical Mechanics. Paris, 1788, $16,500. Dynamics.
- Hutton, James (Scotland). The Theory of the Earth. Edinburgh, 1788, $7,500. Geology.
- Lavoisier, Antoine (France). Traité élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry). Paris, 2 Vol, 1789, $36,000. Chemistry.
- Galvani, Luigi (Italy). Dell' Uso e dell' Attiva dell' Arco Conduttore nelle Contrazioni dei Muscoli. Bologna, 1794, $29,000. Electricity.
- Legendre, Adrien-Marie (France). Essai sur la théorie des nombres. Paris, 1798, $4,000. Number theory.
- Wessel, Caspar (Norway). Om directionens analytiske betegning. Copenhagen, 1799, UNKNOWN. Imaginary numbers.
- Volta, Alessandro (Italy). Observations on Animal Electricity. London, 1799, $1,900. Electricity.
- Ruffini, Paolo (Italy). Teoria generale dele equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile. La soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quatro. Bologna, 1799, $500. Algebra.
19th century
- Gauss, Karl Friedrich (Germany). Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Leipzig, 1801, $60,000. Number theory.
- Young, Thomas (England). Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics. UNKNOWN, 1803, UNKNOWN. Light.
- Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland). Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques. UNKNOWN, 1806, UNKNOWN. Imaginary numbers.
- Dalton, John (England). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. London, 1808, UNKNOWN. Atomic theory.
- Berzelius, Jons Jakob (Sweden). Läroboken i kemien. UNKNOWN, 1808, $600. Chemistry.
- Cayley, George (England). On Aerial Navigation. Brompton, 3 Vol, 1809, UNKNOWN. Aeronautics.
- Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark). Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen, 1820, UNKNOWN. Electromagnetism.
- Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (France). Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1822, $43,000. Fourier series.
- Ampere, Andre-Marie (France). Recueil d'observations electrodynamiques (Collection of Observations on Electrodynamics). UNKNOWN, 1822, UNKNOWN. Electromagnetism.
- Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D’Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L’Académie Des Sciences. Paris, 1822, $1,600. Wave optics.
- Babbage, Charles (England). Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables. London, 1823, $5,000. Computing.
- Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia). Geometriya. UNKNOWN, 1823, UNKNOWN. Non-Euclidian geometry.
- Cauchy, Augustin Louis (France). Le calcul infinitesimal. Paris, 1823, $1,300. Mathematical analysis.
- Carnot, Sadi (France). Reflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres a developer cette puissance. Paris, 1824, $50,000. Thermodynamics.
- Laplace, Pierre-Simon (France). Traité de Mécanique Céleste. Paris, 1827, $29,000. Classical mechanics.
- Ohm, Georg (Germany). Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet. Berlin, 1827, $42,000. Electricity.
- Lyell, Charles (Scotland). Principles of Geology. London, 1830, $19,000. Geology.
- Poisson, Simeon Denis (France). Theorie Mathematique de la Chaleur. Paris, 1835, $1,800. Heat transfer.
- Hamilton, William Rowan (Ireland). On Quaternions. London/Edinburgh/Dublin, 1844, $3,800. Quaternions.
- Faraday, Michael (England). Experimental Researches in Electricity. London, 1852, $10,000. Electricity.
- Boole, George (England). An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. London, 1854, $9,400. Boolean algebra.
- Maury, Matthew Fontaine (America). The Physical Geography of the Sea. New York, 1855, $850. Oceanography.
- Darwin, Charles (England). On The Origin of Species. London, 1859, $60,000. Evolutionary biology.
- Pasteur, Louis (France). Memoire sur les corpuscules organises qui existent dans l'atmosphere. Paris, 1861, $5,500. Microbiology.
- Dirichlet, P.G. (Germany). Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie. Braunschweig, 1863, $1,000. Number theory.
- Mendel, Gregor (Czech Republic/Austria). Experiments on Plant Hybridization. Brno, 1866, UNKNOWN. Genetics.
- Riemann, Bernhard (Germany). Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen. Göttingen, 1868, UNKNOWN. Riemannian geometry.
- Beltrami, Eugenio (Italy). Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry. UNKNOWN, 1868, UNKNOWN. Hyperbolic geometry.
- Galton, Francis (England). Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. London, 1869, $2,500. Statistics.
- Cohn, Ferdinand (Poland). Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien. Breslau, 3 Vol, 1870, $2,800. Bacteriology.
- Darwin, Charles (England). The Descent of Man. London, 1871, $7,500. Evolutionary biology.
- Marx, Karl (Germany). Das Kapital. St. Petersburg, 1872, $20,600. Economics.
- Maxwell, James Clerk (Scotland). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford, 2 Vol, 1873, $8,000. Classical electromagnetism.
- Koch, Robert (Germany). Untersuchungen uber die aetiologie der wundinfectionskrankheiter. Leipzig, 1878, $5,000. Bacteriology.
- Gibbs, Willard (America). On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. New Haven, 1878, UNKNOWN. Physical chemistry.
- Michelson, Albert (America). Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light. Annapolis, 1880, $1,500. Speed of light.
- Abel, Niels Henrik (Norway). Oeuvres complètes. UNKNOWN, 1881, $1,600. Mathematical analysis.
- Zhukovsky, Nikolai (Russia). O protchnosti dvizheniya (The Durability of Motion). Moscow, 1882, $2,100. Aeronautics.
- Cantor, Georg (Russia/Germany). Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannichfaltigkeitslehre. Leipzig, 1883, $1,300. Set theory.
- James, William (America). The Principles of Psychology. New York, 1890, $1,000. Psychology.
- Mendeleev, Dmitri (Russia). Principles of Chemistry. London, 1891, $4,800. Chemistry.
- Newcomb, Simon (America). Astronomical Papers Prepared for the Use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Washington, D.C., 1891, UNKNOWN. Astronomy.
- Poincare, Henri (France). Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste. Paris, 1892, $3,000. Celestial mechanics.
- Tesla, Nikola (Croatia/America). Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency. New York, 1892, $600. Electricity.
- Galois, Evariste (France). Oeuvres Mathematiques d'Evariste Galois. Paris, 1897, $4,000. Group theory.
- Hilbert, David (Germany). Grundlagen der Geometrie (The Foundations of Geometry). 1899, $450. Mathematics.
20th century (Pre-World War II)
- Planck, Max (Germany). Ueber Die Elementarquanta Der Materie Und Der Elekricitat. Leipzig, 1901, $3,600. Quantum mechanics.
- Bolyai, Janos (Hungary). The Science of Absolute Space. Budapest, 1902, $4,300. Non-Euclidian geometry.
- Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia). The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga, 1903, $6,000. Rockets.
- Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand). Radioactivity. Cambridge, 1904, $1,000. Nuclear physics.
- Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands). Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light. Amsterdam, 1904, UNKNOWN. Special relativity.
- Einstein, Albert[45] (Germany). On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Leipzig, 1905, $20,000. Special relativity.
- Einstein, Albert (Germany). Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Leipzig, 1905, $7,000. Physics.
- Richardson, Lewis (England). The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam. London, 1910, UNKNOWN. Computational mechanics.
- Bohr, Niels (Denmark). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. London, 1913, UNKNOWN. Quantum mechanics.
- Einstein, Albert (Germany). Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity) Leipzig, 1916, $5,250. Physics.
- Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, 1919, $9,000. Rockets.
- de Broglie, Louis (France). Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory). UNKNOWN, 1924, UNKNOWN. Wave-particle duality.
- Whitehead, Alfred North (England) and Russell, Bertrand (England). Principia Mathematica. Cambridge, 1925, $1,000. Mathematics.
- Heisenberg, Werner (Germany). Uber quantentheorestische Undeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. Berlin, 1925, $3,800. Quantum mechanics.
- Schrödinger, Erwin (Austria). Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem. Leipzig, 1926, $4,800. Quantum mechanics.
- Pavlov, Ivan (Russia). Conditioned Reflexes. New York, 1928, $1,600. Classical conditioning.
- Oberth, Hermann (Romania). Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight). Munich/Berlin, 1929, $800. Rockets.
- Hubble, Edwin (America). A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Washington, 1929, $8,500. Astrophysics.
- Dirac, Paul (England). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford, 1930, $1,000. Quantum mechanics.
- Gödel, Kurt (Czech Republic/America). On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems. Leipzig, 1931, $10,000. Mathematical logic.
- Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America). Liquid Propellant Rocket Development. Washington, 1936, $1,800. Rockets.
- Keynes, John Maynard (England). General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London, 1936, $2,500. Economics.
- Church, Alonzo (America). A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem. Ann Arbor, 1936, $1,800. Computer science.
- Turing, Alan (England). On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Cambridge, 1937, $5,000. Computing.
- Pauling, Linus (America). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Ithaca, 1939, $2,300. Chemistry.
- von Neumann, John (Hungary/America) & Morgenstern, Oskar (Germany/America). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, 1944, $5,000. Game theory.
References
- ^ History of science, History of mathematics, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#History
- ^ Dover @ Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece (G. Sarton); Greek Science in Antiquity (M. Clagett).
- ^ Greek mathematics.
- ^ Library of Alexandria.
- ^ Science in Medieval Western Europe.
- ^ Human Accomplishment.
- ^ List of Nobel Laureates by country.
- ^ Fields Medal.
- ^ Abel Prize.
- ^ Wolf Prize in Mathematics.
- ^ Gies, F. and J. Gies. Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel. Harper Collins, 1994.
- ^ Dover @ Engineering and Technology, 1650-1750 (M. Jensen); A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 (T.K. Derry & T.I. Williams); Engineering in History (R.S. Kirby).
- ^ Islamic mathematics.
- ^ Hourani, A. A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap, pp75-79, 1991.
- ^ Science in medieval Islam.
- ^ Timeline of Islamic science and engineering.
- ^ Chinese mathematics.
- ^ Needham, J. Science and Civilization in China. 1956 - present.
- ^ Yoke, H.P. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Dover.
- ^ History of science and technology in China.
- ^ Indian mathematics.
- ^ History of Indian science and technology.
- ^ Dover @ The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (O. Neugebauer); The Historical Roots of Elementary Mathematics (L.N.H. Bunt & P.S. Jones & J.D. Bedient).
- ^ Gillings, R.J. Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs. Dover.
- ^ Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.
- ^ Moscow Mathematical Papyrus.
- ^ Egyptian mathematics.
- ^ Babylonian mathematics.
- ^ Plimpton 322.
- ^ Bruno, L.C. Landmarks of Science from the Collections of the Library of Congress. 1989.
- ^ International League of Antiquarian Booksellers @ http://www.ilab.org/services/searchform.php
- ^ http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry
- ^ Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America @ http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/searchform.php
- ^ http://www.sothebys.com
- ^ http://www.christies.com
- ^ http://store.doverpublications.com/by-subject-science-and-mathematics.html
- ^ Glenn, J. Scientific Genius: The Twenty Greatest Minds. Crescent Books, New York, 1996.
- ^ Simmons, J. The Scientific 100. Citadel Press, 1996.
- ^ Britannica. The 100 Most Influential Scientists. Running Press, 2008.
- ^ Hawking, S. God Created the Integers. Running Press, 2007.
- ^ Gribbin, J. A Brief History of Science. Barnes & Noble, New York, 1998.
- ^ Whitfield, P. Landmarks in Western Science: From Prehistory to the Atomic Age. Routledge, 1999.
- ^ Boyer, C.B. A History of Mathematics. 2ed, Wiley, 1991.
- ^ Dover @ Makers of Mathematics (S. Hollingdale); A Concise History of Mathematics (D.J. Struik); The Development of Mathematics (E.T. Bell).
- ^ List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.